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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for foot patrol
7 results foundAuthor: Kaminski, Robert J. Title: A Descriptive Analysis of Foot Pursuits in the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Summary: Greater attention has been paid to the risks associated with police foot pursuits in recent years by both the law enforcement community (e.g., Bohrer, Davis & Garrity, 2000; Burke, Owen & Nilson, 2005; and the media (e.g., Graham, 2009; Pfeifer, 2007; Simpson, 2007). One of the focal concerns has been foot pursuits in which law enforcement officers discharged their firearms. An investigation by Simpson (2007) found that 12% of 33 suspects shot and killed by deputies in DeKalb County occurred during a foot pursuit. An internal review by the Philadelphia Police Department found that nearly half of police shootings from 1998 to 2003 occurred during foot a pursuit (Graham, 2009). Bobb (2003, 2005) found in the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (LASD) that 27% of 44 shooting incidents 2003-2004 involved foot pursuits and that 22% of 239 shootings 1997-2002 occurred during or at the termination of a foot pursuit. Although these statistics highlight the potential for deputy-involved shootings (DISs) and fatalities during foot chases and are thus useful for motivating the development of policies and training to reduce their incidence, sampling first on fatalities or on DISs and subsequently examining how many incidents involved foot pursuits exaggerates the risks associated with this tactic (this is commonly referred to as the “base rate problem”; see, e.g., Garner and Clemmer, 1986; Kaminski and Sorensen, 1995). To accurately assess the likelihood of DISs and fatalities associated with foot pursuits, one must first sample or select all foot pursuits over some specified period of time and then examine how many involved shootings, fatalities, or other outcomes of interest. Although sampling first on foot pursuits would almost certainly show that shootings and fatalities are statistically rare events relative the total number of pursuits, there has unfortunately been no research to date using this approach. Accurate estimates of risk would be especially informative for law enforcement executives contemplating the adoption of more or less restrictive foot pursuit policies. DISs and fatalities, of course, are not the only potential hazards associated with foot pursuits. An arrest-based use-of-force study in one municipal agency found that pursuits increased the odds of officer use of force by 345% (Kaminski, DiGiovanni, and Downs, 2004). A limitation of this study, however, was that foot pursuits were not distinguished from motor vehicle pursuits. In other research, Brandl (1996) and Brandl and Stroshine (2003) analyzed the activities officers were involved in when they were injured accidentally or intentionally (i.e., assault-related injuries). They found that between 12 and 14 percent of injury incidents involved officers chasing suspects on foot and that the vast majority of injures were accident-related, but detailed analyses of foot pursuits were not presented. More recently, Kaminski (2007) surveyed over 250 deputies employed by the Richland (SC) County Sheriff’s Department (RCSD) regarding their experiences with foot pursuits. Sixty-two of 187 responding deputies (33%) reported being injured intentionally by suspects and 80 of 186 (43%) reported being injured accidentally during at least one pursuit since they began working for the RCSD (career-based estimates). Although the majority of injuries were minor, intentional injures caused deputies to miss an estimated 273 days of work and to work in a reduced capacity for 358 days. Accidental injuries caused deputies to miss an estimated 496 days of work and to work in a reduced capacity for 575 days. These estimates must be interpreted with caution, however, as respondents represented a nonrandom (59%) sample of deputies from the RCSD and recall is likely to be problematic for career-based estimates, especially for deputies with long tenures. Although the above studies begin to fill the gap in research on foot pursuits, none were able to analyze fatalities or firearm discharges associated with foot pursuits because such events were too rare, at least in the jurisdictions examined. It is important to note, however, that although fatalities and firearm discharges during foot pursuits appear to be rare, such findings should not negate or minimize the importance of policies and training designed to manage foot pursuits. Serious injuries and fatalities do occur during foot pursuits and all reasonable means should be taken to minimize their occurrence. Further, as suggested by findings from Kaminski (2007), even minor injuries may substantially impact agencies in terms of work days lost. Because few studies on foot pursuits have been conducted to date, the purpose of the present study is to provide a basic descriptive analysis of reported foot pursuits that could be linked to information contained in the Department’s Personnel Performance Index database (PPI). Information on the types of force used by and against deputies during foot pursuits, the types of injuries sustained and other information is presented. Details: Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2010. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed September 6, 2011 at: http://www.cas.sc.edu/crju/research/lacsd.footpursuits.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cas.sc.edu/crju/research/lacsd.footpursuits.pdf Shelf Number: 122655 Keywords: Fleeing SuspectsFoot PatrolPolice InjuriesPolice Pursuits (Los Angeles)Police Use of ForcePolice-Involved Shootings |
Author: Ratcliffe, J.H. Title: The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots Summary: Originating with the Newark foot patrol experiment, research has found police foot patrols improve community perception of the police and reduce fear of crime, but are generally unable to reduce the incidence of crime. Previous tests of foot patrol have, however, suffered from statistical and measurement issues and have not fully explored potential dynamics of deterrence within micro‐spatial settings. In this paper we report on the efforts of over 200 foot patrol officers during the summer of 2009 in Philadelphia. GIS analysis was the basis for a randomized controlled trial of police effectiveness across 60 violent crime hotspots. Results identified a significant reduction in the level of treatment area violent crime after 12 weeks. A linear regression model with separate slopes fitted for treatment and control groups clarified the relationship further. Even after accounting for natural regression to the mean, target areas in the top 40% on pre‐treatment violent crime counts had significantly less violent crime during the operational period. Target areas outperformed the control sites by 23 percent, resulting in a total net effect (once displacement was considered) of 53 violent crimes prevented. The results suggest that targeted foot patrols in violent crime hotspots can significantly reduce violent crime levels as long as a threshold level of violence exists initially. The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence on the contribution of hotspots and place‐based policing to the reduction of crime, and especially violent crime, a significant public health threat in the United States. We suggest that intensive foot patrol efforts in violent hotspots may achieve deterrence at a micro‐spatial level, primarily by increasing the certainty of disruption, apprehension and arrest. The theoretical and practical implications for violence reduction are discussed. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, 2013. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Final Draft: Accessed August 5, 2013 at: http://www.temple.edu/cj/footpatrolproject/documents/PFPE_full_paper.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.temple.edu/cj/footpatrolproject/documents/PFPE_full_paper.pdf Shelf Number: 129509 Keywords: Crime Hotspots (Philadelphia, U.S.)Crime MappingFoot PatrolGeographical Information Systems (GIS)Police PatrolViolent Crime |
Author: Ratcliffe, Jerry H. Title: Smart Policing Initiative: Final Report Summary: This report documents the experimental results from the Temple University sub-contractual part of the Smart Policing Initiative funding awarded the City of Philadelphia. This project was supported by Grant No. 2009-DG-BX-K021 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The project centered on a randomized field experiment. The study was designed and conducted as part of a continuing research-practitioner partnership with the Philadelphia Police Department. The Police Commissioner and management team were actively involved in the planning of the experiment so that the experimental design would more closely approximate how hot spots policing would occur naturally in a large urban police department. As the Commissioner wrote in the city's crime fighting strategy; In today's economy, we must be smart and judicious about allocating police resources. Saturation patrol is not an informed solution to preventing or reducing a rising crime problem. We must understand what works, how it works, when it works, and where it works. The answers to these questions provide the foundation for "evidence-based" policing strategies. First, violent crime hotspots were delineated using spatial statistics. Violent crime point data were accessed from the city's 2009 incident database. Violent crime was defined as homicide, robbery, aggravated assault and misdemeanor assault. Two different local measures for detecting spatial association and concentration were applied: Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) and Hierarchical Nearest Neighbor Clustering (HNN). Full details of the analysis strategy are found in the chapters that follow. A total of 81 mutually-exclusive target areas were identified, allowing 21 of these to be used as controls. Senior police commanders (District Captains) were asked to use their operational knowledge to delineate the final boundaries of deployment areas and to identify which type of intervention should be applied in each. They were asked to identify 27 areas suitable for foot patrol, 27 areas that would benefit from problem-solving and 27 areas where police would focus enforcement on violent repeat offenders. Police commanders drew deployment areas around the hot spots identified by the LISA and HNN analyses taking into consideration the street network and environmental features. The 81 deployment areas were then displayed on a new map. In subsequent meetings with the Regional Operations Commanders, the deployment areas' boundaries were revised to balance police operations with research priorities (e.g., achieving geographic separation of the target areas to allow for examination of displacement/diffusion effects). The final 81 hot spots were small, containing an average of 3 miles of streets and 23.5 intersections. The 81 hot spot deployment areas were stratified into three groups prior to randomization based on their pretest score on treatment suitability as qualitatively evaluated by police department commanders. Random assignment using a random number generator was performed separately for each stratum of 27 areas resulting in 20 areas being assigned to treatment and 7 to control. The three experimental areas were targeted for at least three months with, problem-oriented policing, offender-focused activity, or foot patrol. The report that follows documents the experimental results of the study, a pre-post survey of officers involved in the experiment, and a pre-post survey of residents in the experimental areas. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, Center for Security and Crime Science, 2013. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2014 at: http://webcastium.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Smart-1-final-report-Temple-University.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://webcastium.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Smart-1-final-report-Temple-University.pdf Shelf Number: 132973 Keywords: Crime AnalysisCrime HotspotsFoot PatrolPolice PatrolPolicing InnovationsProblem-Oriented PolicingViolent Crime |
Author: Novak, Kenneth J. Title: Kansas City, Missouri Smart Policing Initiative: From Foot Patrol to Focused Deterrence Summary: Kansas City, Missouri has experienced a persistent violent crime problem throughout much of the last decade. From 2010 through 2013, Kansas City ranked among the worst of the 50 largest cities in the United States for homicide, averaging more than 100 per year - for a rate of 22 per 100,000 residents. Kansas City's violent crime rate in 2012 was equally dismal, with nearly 2,500 aggravated assaults and 1,645 robberies. Violent crime in Kansas City is geographically concentrated in three of the department's six patrol divisions. In addition, violence disproportionately involves firearms. From 2010 to 2014, 90 percent of homicides and 42 percent of all aggravated assaults were gun-related. In 2011, the Kansas City Police Department (KCPD) received a grant through the Bureau of Justice Assistance's Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) to team with researchers and develop innovative interventions to reduce violent crime. Over the next four years, KCPD and their research partners at the University of Missouri-Kansas City implemented a multi-pronged effort to address violent crime through evidence-based strategies. In 2011 and 2012, the Kansas City SPI team planned, implemented, and evaluated a replication of the evidence-based Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment. For 90 days, pairs of rookie officers worked foot patrol shifts in four violent crime micro-hot spot areas. Results showed that foot patrol areas witnessed a 26-percent reduction in aggravated assaults and robberies during the 90-day period, and a 55-percent reduction during the first six weeks of the study. No reductions were reported in control areas or in catchment areas surrounding the foot patrol areas. Crime did increase in the target areas during the last seven weeks of the study and returned to pre-treatment levels after the foot patrol treatment ended. In 2013 and 2014, the Kansas City SPI team planned and implemented a comprehensive focused deterrence pulling levers strategy, called the Kansas City No Violence Alliance (KC NoVA). KC NoVA is an offender-focused strategy designed to reduce violent crime by building on the earlier success of the foot patrol project. During 2014, KC NoVA identified 64 groups composed of 884 violent offenders. The team held four call-ins with 149 attendees. As a result of the focused deterrence strategy, 601 offenders met with social service providers, and 142 offenders received a social service assessment. The SPI team conducted interrupted time series analysis to assess impact and found that the focused deterrence strategy produced statistically significant decreases in homicide (40 percent) and gun-related aggravated assaults (19 percent). The crime decline effects were largest immediately after implementation and weakened over time. The Kansas City SPI produced a number of lessons learned for law enforcement leaders and line officers. For leaders, the Kansas City SPI demonstrated the importance of keeping focus on Smart Policing principles in the wake of leadership change, and of effective communication to both internal and external stakeholders. The Kansas City SPI also provided insights regarding different deployment methods of foot patrol. For line officers, it highlighted the importance of determining what officers should actually do during foot patrol assignments, other than be present and visible. Finally, the Kansas City SPI underscores the importance of embracing the two key messages in a focused deterrence strategy: the threat of a law enforcement response to additional criminal activity, and the offer of help for those who want it. Details: Arlington, VA: CNA Analysis and Solutions, 2015. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Smart Policing Initiative: Spotlight Report: Accessed January 28, 2016 at: http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/all/files/Kansas%20City%20SPI%20Spotlight%20FINAL%202015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/all/files/Kansas%20City%20SPI%20Spotlight%20FINAL%202015.pdf Shelf Number: 137710 Keywords: Focused DeterrenceFoot PatrolGun-Related ViolenceHomicidesPulling LeversSmart PolicingViolent Crime |
Author: Cowell, Brett M. Title: Engaging Communities One Step at a Time: Policing's Tradition of Foot Patrol as an Innovative Community Engagement Strategy Summary: Although support for foot patrol as a policing strategy has shifted over time, in modern policing foot patrol has received substantial attention (Fields & Emshwiller, 2015; Bekiempis, 2015). Primarily lauded as a potential remedy to strained relations between community members and police, the effectiveness of foot patrol at reducing crime, diminishing fear of crime, or relieving strained relations with the community is unclear. While foot patrol may hold promise as a crime reduction approach, no definitive conclusions can yet be drawn as to its effectiveness in this regard. The conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of foot patrol may relate to variation in how foot patrol is implemented in various departments. Considering that foot patrol ultimately manifests as one-onone interactions between officers and community members, differences in attitudes toward foot patrol assignments, as well as variation in the specific activities undertaken as part of foot patrol, may help explain contradictory research findings. However, few detailed descriptions outlining variation in foot patrol exist. This limitation is noteworthy as detailed descriptions of different implementations of foot patrol may also provide direction to agencies considering adopting foot patrol as part of their operational strategies. Present Study Using semi-structured interviews with officers, focus-groups of community members, and observational techniques, this report examines how five different agencies - (1) Cambridge (MA) Police Department, (2) New Haven (CT) Police Department, (3) Kalamazoo (MI) Department of Public Safety, (4) Evanston (IL) Police Department, and (5) Portland (OR) Police Bureau - utilize different foot patrol strategies to interact, engage, and build relationships with their communities. Descriptions of these agencies and their approaches are detailed, and attitudes of officers and citizens are analyzed. Organizational issues are discussed, and recommendations for agencies considering adopting foot patrol are presented. The remainder of this executive summary presents the primary findings and summarizes the key recommendations of the overall report. Key Findings Key findings of the study generally related to two distinct areas. The first area focuses on the perceived benefits of foot patrol. Given the nature of the analysis, these benefits reflect those positive characteristics noted by officers that were supported by community-member statements or through observational data. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2016. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PF_Engaging-Comminities-One-Step-at-a-Time_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PF_Engaging-Comminities-One-Step-at-a-Time_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 140276 Keywords: Foot PatrolPlace-Based Policing Police Patrol (U.S.)Police-Community Relations |
Author: College of Policing (U.K.) Title: Delivering Neighbourhood Policing – a practice stocktake. Report of survey findings Summary: The key elements of neighbourhood policing are public engagement, collaborative problem solving and targeted foot patrol. If these are implemented effectively, there is evidence of a positive impact on public confidence, feelings of safety and crime reduction. By using their powers fairly and in a way that is effective in keeping the public safe, the police can build community confidence and encourage people to be more socially responsible in helping to reduce crime and disorder. Identifying how new and revised models of local policing can best reflect these principles has been identified as a priority for the College of Policing. 1.2 Methodology Strategic neighbourhood policing leads in all 43 police forces in England and Wales were invited, between March and June 2013, to complete a force-level survey. Several forces also attached their review documents and information about noteworthy or innovative practice or new research their force had commissioned. The College’s field officers obtained further detail in visits to 15 forces between July and September 2013. This study was designed to identify what is perceived to be working well across the country and share the most up-to-date practice. Examples of force approaches have been highlighted in this report that may be useful to other forces. Practice examples and force documents linked in this report are available on the Local Policing in Neighbourhoods community on the College of Policing Police OnLine Knowledge Area website (POLKA). The survey results also identified key challenges and areas for improvement that forces are particularly struggling with or where there are gaps in evidence. This helps frame future College of Policing work with the national policing lead for local policing and partnerships. 1.3 Developments in local policing While most forces felt that the existing neighbourhood policing principles were sound, some identified that it was difficult to achieve the resource levels that had historically been in place Some force reviews identified a need for a clearer understanding of what they want the neighbourhood function to deliver and the priorities for this function. Redefining and restating the expectations of neighbourhood policing could help forces deliver improved efficiency and better value for money. Forces identified the need to examine the benefits of a broader approach to neighbourhood policing – the 'policing of place'. This includes how neighbourhood officers can help focus policing attention on those who cause greatest harm to communities. Forces also identified the need to support this with clear evidence of successful approaches in measurable reductions in crime, antisocial behaviour (ASB), risk and vulnerability and increases in the confidence and satisfaction of the public. Several forces have introduced methods to integrate neighbourhood policing into more serious crime investigations and disruption activity. In a few forces there was greater focus on how other force units could support the work of neighbourhood policing teams (NPTs) and integrate problem solving, engagement and visibility into their work to support local and force-level priorities and improve intelligence-led proactive policing. Some forces have introduced a force-wide command for local policing, or integrated response officers or volume crime detectives in NPTs. To maintain neighbourhood policing elements in new policing models, several forces kept a minimum of one PC and/or one PCSO for each neighbourhood with ring-fenced responsibilities for engagement, visibility and problem solving. Some forces allocated one neighbourhood officer responsibility for a number of neighbourhoods. Several forces have extended the responsibilities of neighbourhood policing staff to include more crime investigation and/or response duties in their neighbourhoods. In some forces this includes giving PCSOs more local responsibility for public engagement and problem solving. The need to identify good practice in understanding the demand profile for NPTs and balancing reactive demand with a proactive approach was a key theme in the force reviews that were supplied. Forces identified the need to develop evidence of effective staff deployment to reduce crime. Some forces piloted techniques such as predictive policing and helped build an evidence base for the effectiveness of these methods. Although there is strong research evidence for the role of neighbourhood policing as a driver of public confidence and for the importance of fairness, engagement and problem solving to tackle local crime and ASB, this was not strongly evident in many performance regimes. Some identified a need for performance measures that are more relevant to neighbourhood policing and highlighted the role that building trust, confidence and capacity in communities plays in achieving force-level priorities. The majority of force reviews identified engagement as an area where improvements could be made. Issues identified included the need for a consistent force approach based on evidence-based practice to community engagement, identifying community priorities and managing the key individual network (KINs) system. Force reviews identified the following areas for focus: • keeping pace with the development and use of digital and social media platforms and supporting and training staff to use these media effectively as part of a wider engagement strategy • demonstrating effective engagement with vulnerable, needy or victimised people who were most in need of police support and people who had least confidence in the police. Forces feel that engagement should increasingly move towards encouraging positive and active public involvement in achieving solutions to community concerns, rather than passive commentary. Some forces recognise the benefits of a more strategic approach to involving citizens in policing activity to increase the capacity of their local policing function, as well as bring new skills and perspective into the force. To increase the professionalism, job enrichment and job satisfaction of NPTs, forces identified the following areas as important: • professional development • recognising the skill sets required for effective performance • having appropriately trained staff • a greater focus on activities such as problem solving. The majority of forces stated that they had some sort of IT system in place with their partner agencies to track activity to tackle high-risk ASB cases and manage the support provided to vulnerable victims. Forces identified opportunities for better use of technology to provide frontline officers with real-time information. This could improve the use of their powers and give them the ability to record information easily. Details: Ryton-on-Dunsmore Coventry, UK: College of Policing, 2015. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 24, 2017 at: http://library.college.police.uk/docs/college-of-policing/NHP-Stocktake-final-version-V1.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://library.college.police.uk/docs/college-of-policing/NHP-Stocktake-final-version-V1.pdf Shelf Number: 144571 Keywords: Foot PatrolNeighborhood Policing Police Effectiveness Police Problem Solving Police-Citizens Interactions Police-Community Relations |
Author: Public Safety Strategies Group Title: San Francisco Police Department Foot Patrol Program Evaluation Report Summary: In January 2007, the Board of Supervisors (BOS) legislatively mandated that the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) implement a formal Foot Patrol Pilot Program in each of the ten Police Districts in the City. The Administrative Code Section 10A.1, (herein referred to as the Legislation), provides detailed program requirements including an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Foot Patrol Pilot Program. The Legislation mandated each police District assign at least one foot patrol Officer on two of the three daily watches for a total of twenty hours of foot patrol coverage per day or any combination of the equivalent number of hours, that the department maintain staffing records and engage the community in the process. The complete language of the Legislation is contained in the San Francisco Foot Patrol Implementation section of this report. The City commissioned the Public Safety Strategies Group (PSSG) to conduct an evaluation of the City's Foot Patrol Pilot Program. This report summarizes the process of the evaluation, the findings of the evaluation conducted by PSSG and outlines recommendations to assist the SFPD with implementing future foot patrols. The report is organized into the following sections: - Evaluation Approach - San Francisco Foot Patrol Legislation - Foot Patrol Implementation Findings - District Station Beats and Data - Recommendations for Foot Patrol Implementation Details: West Townsend, MA: Public Safety Strategies Group, 2008. 210p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2017 at: http://www.publicsafetystrategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/SFPD_foot_patrol_program_eval.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.publicsafetystrategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/SFPD_foot_patrol_program_eval.pdf Shelf Number: 147513 Keywords: Foot PatrolPlace-Based PolicingPolice PatrolPolice-Community Relations |